Vitamin B2
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Plasma Vitamin B2: 1-19 mcg/L [1]
Low test values for Vitamin B2 are indicative of nutritional deficiency or in conditions that diminish absorption.
Vitamin B2 deficiency is usually due to poor dietary intake, and often coincides with deficiencies in other vitamins such as B1 (thiamine) and B3 (Niacin). [2, 3] Aside from malnutrition, risk factors for vitamin B2 deficiency include: [4]
Malabsorptive states (eg, celiac disease, small bowel resection, tropical sprue, inflammatory bowel disease)
Pregnancy and lactation (secreted in milk)
Inborn errors of riboflavin metabolism
Vitamin B2 toxicity has not been described. If given a large oral dose, absorption of vitamin B2 by the gastrointestinal tract is limited to less than 30 mg. [5]
Collection and panel details are as follows:
Specimen type and volume: Blood Plasma
Specimen container: Green top (heparin), light protective (amber) vial
Specimen volume: 0.50 mL (0.25 mL minimum)
Specimen rejection: Mild hemolysis, lipemia, or icterus is acceptable, reject if gross. Specimen rejected if submitted as serum, in plasma gel tube, or in EDTA.
Special instructions: Specimen should be drawn after overnight (12-14 hours) fast. If infant, draw before next meal.
Specimen storage/transport conditions:
Must be in light protective container
Can be refrigerated for up to 7 days, frozen for up to 14 days
Test method: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
Related tests: Erythrocyte glutathione reductase activity assay, expressed a ratio of tests performed with and without added without flavin adenine dinucleotide. A ratio greater than or equal to 1.3 is indicative of functional vitamin B2 deficiency, while a ratio of less than 1.3 indicates adequate levels. [6]
Vitamin B2, or riboflavin, is a water-soluble vitamin most commonly found in the body in the form of the flavocoenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), the latter being most abundant. These coenzymes play a necessary role in most of the major energy-producing biochemical processes in the body, acting as electron carriers for enzymes in oxidation-reduction reactions. Such dependant enzymes include those of the citric acid cycle, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, as well as several other pathways in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. [7] FAD is also a coenzyme needed for the functioning of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione reductase in its protection of cells against oxidative stresses, allowing for the measurement of the enzyme’s activity in red blood cells to be among the methods for the assessment of riboflavin nutritional status. [8]
Vitamin B2 must be obtained from the diet, with notable sources including meat, dairy products, green vegetables, and fortified breads and cereals. [3] It also has a characteristically yellow color, which has prompted its popular use as a food coloring additive. [7] It is mostly absorbed in the jejunum [3] through a transport system that becomes saturated beyond the absorption of approximately 30 mg after one oral dose. [5] Once absorbed, most circulating vitamin B2 is weakly bound to albumin, with the remaining largely bound to immunoglobulins. Entry of the vitamin into cells is mainly facilitated by carrier-mediated transport through a specific riboflavin-binding protein on cell membranes. Passive transport at high concentrations as well as receptor-mediated transport systems have also been reported. Only small amounts of the vitamin are stored by the body (liver) and it is primarily excreted through the urine. It is also secreted into the milk, therefore increasing the riskofdeficiencyinthemother during pregnancy and lactation. [4]
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of vitamin B2 for adult males is 1.3 mg, and 1.1 mg for adult females. The recommendation increases during pregnancy and lactation to 1.4 mg and 1.6 mg, respectively. [9, 10]
It would be unusual for a physician to order an assessment of vitamin B2 levels as a stand-alone test due to the fact that low levels would most likely be found in a setting of multiple other vitamin defiencies (eg, a known clinical setting of alcoholism or malabsorption). Therefore, it would likely be ordered as one of several tests to assess general nutritional status. Signs and symptoms of potential deficiency (ariboflavinosis), many of which can also occur in frequently coinciding vitamin deficiencies, include:
Cheilosis (cracking and inflammation of lips) [3]
Angular stomatitis (cracking and inflammation of the angles of the mouth) [3]
Glossitis (swollen, deep-red tongue) [3]
Seborrheic dermatitis (greasy, scaled lesions most commonly on the face and scalp) [3]
Interstitial keratitis with potential opacification, and ulceration of the cornea [3]
Corneal neovascularization [11]
Night blindness [11]
Cataracts [11]
Normocytic, normochromic anemia [4, 12]
Peripheral neuropathy [11]
Fatigue [11]
Esophageal and/or cervical dysplasia [11]
Retarded growth in infants and children [4]
Birth defect (eg, cleft lip/palate, congenital heart defects) [11]
Test ID. VITB2Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Plasma. VITB2/61637 Overview: Riboflavin (Vitamin B2), Plasma. [Full Text].
Longo Dan L, Fauci Anthony S, Kasper, Dennis L, Hauser, Stephen L, et al. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. McGraw-Hill: Maidenhead; 2011.
Henry, John Bernard, Richard A. McPherson, and Matthew R. Pincus. Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders; 2011.
Shils, Maurice E, Moshe Shike. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.
Zempleni J, Galloway JR, McCormick DB. Pharmacokinetics of orally and intravenously administered riboflavin in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Jan. 63(1):54-66. [Medline].
Glatzle D, Korner WF, Christeller S, Wiss O. Method for the detection of a biochemical riboflavin deficiency. Stimulation of NADPH2-dependent glutathione reductase from human erythrocytes by FAD in vitro. Investigations on the vitamin B2 status in healthly people and geriatric patients. Int Z Vitaminforsch. 1970. 40(2):166-83. [Medline].
Murray, Robert, David Bender, Kathleen M. Botham, Peter J. Kennelly, and Victor Rodwell. Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry. 29th ed. McGraw-Hill Medical Division; 2012. [Full Text].
Powers HJ. Current knowledge concerning optimum nutritional status of riboflavin, niacin and pyridoxine. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999 May. 58(2):435-40. [Medline].
Vitamin B2 (OTC) – riboflavin. Available at http://reference.medscape.com/drug/riboflavin-vitamin-b2-344427.
Torres-Sanchez L, Lopez-Carrillo L, Blanco-Munoz J, Chen J. Maternal dietary intake of folate, vitamin B12 and MTHFR 677C>T genotype: their impact on newborn’s anthropometric parameters. Genes Nutr. 2014 Sep. 9(5):429. [Medline].
Riboflavin Deficiency. Available at http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/125193-overview#aw2aab6b4.
Watanabe S, Ide N, Ogawara H, Yokohama A, Mitsui T, Handa H, et al. High Percentage of Regulatory T Cells before and after Vitamin B 12 Treatment in Patients with Pernicious Anemia. Acta Haematol. 2014 Aug 23. 133(1):83-88. [Medline].
Carl M Kraemer, MD, FAAEM, FACEP Assistant Director of Clinical Services, Department of Emergency Medicine; Assistant Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Emergency Medicine Division, St Louis University School of Medicine
Carl M Kraemer, MD, FAAEM, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Eric B Staros, MD Associate Professor of Pathology, St Louis University School of Medicine; Director of Clinical Laboratories, Director of Cytopathology, Department of Pathology, St Louis University Hospital
Eric B Staros, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Society for Clinical Pathology, College of American Pathologists, Association for Molecular Pathology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Judy Lin, MD
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Vitamin B2
Research & References of Vitamin B2 |A&C Accounting And Tax Services
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