Vitamin B6
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Vitamin B6 is a complex of 6 vitamers: pyridoxal, pyridoxol, pyridoxamine, and their 5′-phosphate esters. Vitamin B6 deficiency causes blood, skin, and nerve changes.
The reference range for pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), the biologically active form of vitamin B6, is 5-50 µg/L. [1, 2, 3]
Conditions associated with vitamin B6 deficiency include the following:
Early myocardial infarction
Early stroke
Recurrent thromboembolism
Peripheral neuropathy
Generalized seizures
Progressive nerve compression disorders (carpal tunnel syndrome, tarsal tunnel syndrome)
Factors that may increase the risk of vitamin B6 deficiency include the following:
Malnutrition
Sickle cell disease
Inflammatory conditions
Rheumatoid arthritis
Hospitalization
Hepatitis and extrahepatic biliary obstruction
Hyperoxaluria types I and II
Excessive alcohol ingestion
High serum alkaline phosphatase (eg, in cirrhosis, tissue injury)
Catabolic state
Hemodialysis
Peritoneal dialysis
Phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia
Certain medications (cycloserine, hydralazine, isoniazid, D-penicillamine, pyrazinamide)
Marked increases in serum pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) levels are seen in hypophosphatasia.
Specifics for collection and panels are as follows:
Specimen type: Blood plasma
Container: Vacutainer, green top (heparin)
Collection method: Venipuncture
Specimen volume: 1 mL
Other instructions include the following:
Overnight fasting specimen
No vitamin supplements in preceding 24 hours
Transport in light-protective container
Centrifuge at 4°C; refrigerate immediately
Transfer plasma to dark-brown polypropylene or polyethylene transport tubes to protect from light
Panels include vitamin B complex.
Related tests include alkaline phosphatase and pyridoxic acid.
Vitamin B6 is a complex of 6 vitamers: pyridoxal, pyridoxol, pyridoxamine, and their 5′-phosphate esters. Pyridoxine 5′-phosphate (PLP) is an essential cofactor in various transamination, decarboxylation, and synthesis pathways involving carbohydrates, sphingolipids, sulfur-containing amino acids, heme, and neurotransmitters. Vitamin B6 deficiency causes blood, skin, and nerve changes. This vitamin is unique in that either deficiency or excess can cause peripheral neuropathy.
Dietary sources of vitamin B6 include cereals, beans, vegetables, liver, meat, and eggs. After absorption, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxal are transported into hepatic cells by facilitated diffusion. Pyridoxal kinase phosphorylates pyridoxine and pyridoxamine, after which they are converted to PLP, a coenzyme in tryptophan and methionine metabolism. PLP is the primary active pyridoxal form, and serum PLP is used as the primary index of whole-body pyridoxal levels.
In methionine deficiency, S -adenosylmethionine accumulates, resulting in the inhibition of sphingolipid and myelin synthesis. Tryptophan is a precursor to several neurotransmitters and is required for niacin production. Thus, pyridoxine deficiency can cause a syndrome indistinguishable from pellagra. The neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, glycine, glutamate, and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) also require PLP for their production. Homocystine metabolism is dependent on pyridoxine, and high homocystine levels can result from pyridoxine deficiency.
Hypophosphatasia is a rare inborn error of metabolism caused by low activity of the tissue-nonspecific isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). Alterations in the TNSALP gene lead to rickets, osteomalacia, or both. Serum PLP levels are typically elevated and are used in determining the diagnosis.
Laboratory methods to detect deficiency are as follows:
Pyridoxine level in blood
Xanthurenic-acid level in urine
Erythrocyte glutamic oxalo-acetic transaminase
Lymphocytic growth response
Methods to make a quantitative assessment are as follows:
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, using cyanide derivatization: Method to determine the plasma pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) concentrations as an indicator of vitamin B6 adequacy
Tandem mass spectrometry
Serum PLP analysis is indicated for the following:
Evaluation of suspected vitamin B6 deficiency
Diagnosis of hypophosphatasia
Other manifestations of vitamin B6 deficiency may include the following:
Scaling of the skin
Severe gingivitis
Cheilosis
Stomatitis
Irritability
Weakness
Dizziness
Diarrhea
Manifestations of vitamin B6 toxicity may include tachypnea and/or the following neurologic effects:
Sensory neuropathy (eg, burning pains, paresthesias, perioral numbness)
Progressive sensory ataxia
Impaired proprioception
Impaired vibration sense
Diminished tendon reflexes
Burris CA, Ashwood ER, Burns DE. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics. 4th ed. St. Louis: Elsevier Saunders; 2006.
McPherson RA, Pincus MR. Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 22nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2011.
Wallach J. Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests. 6th ed. New York: Little, Brown; 1996.
Ashwin Pai, MBBS, MS (GenSurg), MRCS Honorary Assistant Medical Officer, Department of Surgery, Kasturba Medical College, India
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Eric B Staros, MD Associate Professor of Pathology, St Louis University School of Medicine; Director of Clinical Laboratories, Director of Cytopathology, Department of Pathology, St Louis University Hospital
Eric B Staros, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Society for Clinical Pathology, College of American Pathologists, Association for Molecular Pathology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Judy Lin, MD
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Vitamin B6
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