Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease
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Anti–glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease is a classic autoimmune disorder characterized by the presence of circulating pathogenic autoantibodies directed against proteins in the glomerular and alveolar basement membranes. [1, 2, 3] In the kidneys, binding of these autoantibodies with the GBM results in activation of the complement cascade and can lead to rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. In Goodpasture syndrome, glomerulonephritis is accompanied by pulmonary hemorrhage due to anti-GBM antibodies acting on the alveolar basement membrane. [4]
An early and precise diagnosis of anti-GBM disease is extremely important for preventing death and preserving renal function. [5] Immunosuppression with high-dose steroids and oral cyclophosphamide, together with plasmapheresis, is used in the treatment of severe forms of this disease. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment have substantially reduced overall mortality rates from 95% in earlier years to 10-20% in recent years. However, current therapy remains less than optimal, with many adverse effects and unacceptably high mortality rates. A better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms should lead to the development of more specific treatment strategies. [6]
Go to Pediatric Anti-GBM Disease (Goodpasture Syndrome) for complete information on this topic.
In 1919, E.W. Goodpasture described a 19-year-old man with fatal lung hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis. The syndrome was subsequently shown to be caused by an antibody response against antigens present in the alveolar and glomerular basement membranes. [7] Immunofluorescent examination of affected kidneys demonstrated that these antibodies were localized in a continuous linear deposit along the GBM.
In 1958, Stanton and Tange introduced the term Goodpasture syndrome to describe patients with these conditions. In 1967, in a classic experiment, Lerner and colleagues transferred anti-GBM disease to monkeys by injecting them with kidney-bound antibodies from patients with anti-GBM nephritis. [8]
Over the years, tremendous gains have been made in knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying anti-GBM nephritis. The fact that the anti-GBM antibodies are directed against the noncollagenous globular domain (NC1 domain) of the alpha-3 chain of type IV GBM collagen is well known.
Anti-GBM antibodies are directed against an epitope located at the NC1 domain at the C-terminal of the alpha-3 chain of type IV collagen. The alpha-3 chain of type IV collagen has a limited distribution in the body; it is found only in a few specialized basement membranes, including the glomerular and alveolar basement membranes.
This distribution helps explains the specific organ involvement (ie, glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage) in persons with anti-GBM nephritis. When bound to the specific antigens in the kidneys and lungs, the antibodies initiate an inflammatory destruction of tissues by complement activation and recruitment of proinflammatory cells, leading to rapidly proliferative glomerulonephritis, often accompanied by pulmonary hemorrhage. Antibodies reacting with the alpha-3 chain of type IV collagen can be detected in the serum and can be eluted from kidneys of patients with anti-GBM nephritis.
Because the antigenic epitope is hidden within the triple helix of the collagen, an environmental factor (eg, smoking, hydrocarbon exposure) presumably is required to unmask the cryptic antigen to the immune system.
Once the anti-GBM antibodies bind to the specific GBM antigen, complement is activated. Proinflammatory cells and CD4+ and CD8+ cells are recruited to the site, and, subsequently, proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and proteolytic enzymes are released. This leads to endothelial damage, endothelial cell detachment from the underlying GBM, and fibrin accumulation beneath the disrupted endothelial cells. Breaks develop in the GBM, plasma proteins and cells leak into the Bowman space, and, eventually, crescents develop. [9, 10]
In the United States the disease is rare, accounting for only 5% of human glomerulonephritides and approximately 10-20% of patients with rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritides. Internationallly, the disease accounts for 10-20% of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis.
In the early years, the mortality rate was extremely high (approximately 90-95%). With the introduction of immunosuppression and plasmapheresis, patient and renal survival rates are approximately 85% and 60%, respectively.
Whites are affected more often than blacks. With respect to sex and age, the incidence of anti-GBM nephritis is bimodal. The first, and larger, peak occurs in the second and third decades of life. In this age group, men are more susceptible than women. The second, and smaller, peak occurs in the sixth and seventh decades of life, and in this age group, women have a higher preponderance of the disease than men.
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Ramesh Saxena, MD, PhD Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
Ramesh Saxena, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis, National Kidney Foundation, Texas Medical Association, American Society of Nephrology, International Society of Nephrology
Disclosure: Received honoraria from e-medicine for authoring review articles.
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.
Christie P Thomas, MBBS, FRCP, FASN, FAHA Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Director, Kidney and Kidney/Pancreas Transplant Program, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics
Christie P Thomas, MBBS, FRCP, FASN, FAHA is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Society of Nephrology, Royal College of Physicians
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Vecihi Batuman, MD, FASN Huberwald Professor of Medicine, Section of Nephrology-Hypertension, Tulane University School of Medicine; Chief, Renal Section, Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System
Vecihi Batuman, MD, FASN is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Physicians, American Society of Hypertension, American Society of Nephrology, International Society of Nephrology, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Chike Magnus Nzerue, MD, FACP Professor of Medicine, Associate Dean for Clinical Affairs, Meharry Medical College
Chike Magnus Nzerue, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Society of Nephrology, National Kidney Foundation
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Antiglomerular Basement Membrane Disease
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